This report traces the evolution of the structural change approach to gender equality in research and innovation, critically engaging with lessons learned and emerging challenges. Drawing on documentary material and primary research, the report explores what has worked to date in EU-funded structural change projects. Building on the findings, a number of recommendations are presented: strengthen and further develop the structural change approach to gender equality in research and innovation, integrating an intersectional perspective; integrate structural change more systematically into policy-making; engage research funding organisations more substantively into the structural change framework; focus on process, not just outcomes, in order to increase ownership of structural change, increase the effectiveness of interventions; explore traditional notions of academic culture such as excellence and promotion, and make visible and valuable "academic care work"; develop support mechanisms and platforms for mutual learning on structural change; address the uneven implementation of structural change by integrating more substantively institutions and countries that are less advanced in gender equality in research and innovation; and increase accountability and ownership for gender equality in research and innovation by engaging a wider range of stakeholders from different sectors.